Interrogating the Online Internet-Based Broadcast Media Stations: Platforms, Implications and Emerged Paradigms

The rapid growth of the internet and advancements in digital technology has significantly transformed the landscape of media consumption, giving rise to a plethora of online internet-based broadcast media stations. This study therefore, interrogates the online internet-based broadcast media stations, its platforms, implications and emerged paradigms. The researcher embarked on this study basically to examine the diverse platforms of online internet-based broadcast media stations; to assess the implications of online internet-based broadcast media stations on traditional media industries and the evolving media ecosystem and to explore the emerged paradigms of online internet-based broadcast media stations, including user-generated content and the integration of artificial intelligence. This study is anchored on the uses and gratification theory. Using the survey research design, questionnaire was used to elicit responses from the respondents. Findings show that majority of the respondents (31%) noted that social media platforms is one of the most widely used platforms for online internet-based broadcast media stations. Also, a majority of the respondents (31%) noted that one of the implications of online internet-based broadcast media stations on traditional media industries and the evolving media ecosystem is fragmentation of audience. This study recommends that to address concerns regarding misinformation and disinformation, it is crucial to promote platform transparency and accountability. Online media platforms should disclose their content curation algorithms and provide clear guidelines for content moderation Abstract


Introduction
The rise of the internet has revolutionized the media landscape, spawning the birth of online, internetbased broadcast media stations.These platforms have redefined the way information is disseminated, consumed, and interacted with, presenting a myriad of implications and emerging paradigms.
Online broadcast media stations are typically delivered through platforms that are internet-based, such as websites, social media, podcasts, and streaming services.Broadcast stations like BBC, CNN, and Al Jazeera have online platforms that broadcast news and other media content 24/7 [1] .Social media platforms like Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram also serve as vital platforms for online broadcasting, with media stations maintaining a strong social media presence to engage with their audience directly [2] .Podcasts and streaming services like Spotify, Apple Podcasts, Netflix, and YouTube have also become popular platforms for broadcasting media content.Dueze (2012) noted that online internetbased broadcast media stations encompass a diverse array of digital platforms that leverage the power of the internet to distribute audio and video content to a global audience [3] .These platforms differ from traditional broadcasting methods as they are accessible through the internet, allowing for greater flexibility and interactivity.Examples include internet radio, live streaming services, video-on-demand platforms, and social media channels.As users increasingly turn to digital devices for their media consumption, these platforms have gained prominence due to their accessibility and convenience.
The implications of online, internet-based broadcast media stations are far-reaching and multifaceted.On the positive side, these platforms have democratized access to information, breaking down geographical barriers and enabling real-time access to news and information globally.They have also allowed for greater audience participation, with users now able to comment, share, and even contribute their content.Okoro (2021) noted that the proliferation of online internet-based broadcast media stations has been fueled by a wide range of platforms, each offering distinct features and benefits [4] .Internet radio platforms, such as Pandora and Spotify, enable users to access a vast library of audio content tailored to their preferences through personalized playlists and algorithms.Live streaming services, like YouTube Live and Twitch, empower creators to engage with their audiences in real-time, fostering a sense of community and interactivity.Video-on-demand platforms, such as Netflix and Hulu, have reshaped the way people consume television and film content, granting them the freedom to watch their favorite shows and movies at their convenience.Social media platforms, like Facebook Live and Instagram Live, have integrated live broadcasting into their platforms, enabling users and brands to share experiences, news, and events in real-time.
However, there are also negative implications.The rise of 'fake news' and misinformation is a significant concern, with the openness of the internet making it easier for unverified or false information to spread.Additionally, there's the risk of digital divide: those without reliable internet access may be left behind in this digital revolution.Also, concerns have been raised about the increasing domination of a few tech giants over the media landscape, potentially limiting diversity and competition.
The advent of online internet-based broadcast media stations has given rise to novel paradigms that are redefining the media ecosystem.User-generated content has become a dominant force, allowing individuals to become content creators and contribute to the media discourse actively.Participatory culture has flourished, where audiences actively engage with content through comments, likes, and shares, blurring the lines between producers and consumers.Personalization has become a hallmark of these platforms, as algorithms analyze user preferences to curate tailored content recommendations.
The advent of online, internet-based broadcast media stations has redefined the media landscape, bringing with it numerous implications and emerging paradigms.As we navigate this digital era, it's crucial to critically interrogate these developments, to understand their impacts, and to strive for a media landscape that is democratic, diverse, and responsible.

Statement of the Problem
The emergence and proliferation of online internet-based broadcast media stations have brought about a myriad of complex challenges, necessitating a thorough interrogation of the platforms, implications, and the emerged paradigms.This study aims to critically examine the impact of these platforms on media consumption patterns, content creation, and audience engagement.Moreover, it seeks to unravel the implications of this paradigm shift on traditional media industries, privacy concerns, and the spread of misinformation.Additionally, the study endeavors to analyze the novel paradigms that have arisen in the wake of this transformation, including user-generated content, participatory culture, and the integration of artificial intelligence.

Objectives of the Study
i. To examine the diverse platforms of online internet-based broadcast media stations.
ii.To assess the implications of online internetbased broadcast media stations on traditional media industries and the evolving media ecosystem.
iii.To explore the emerged paradigms of online internet-based broadcast media stations, including user-generated content and the integration of artificial intelligence.

Research Questions
i. What are the diverse platforms of online internet-based broadcast media stations?
ii.What are the implications of online internetbased broadcast media stations on traditional media industries and the evolving media ecosystem?
iii.What are the emerged paradigms of online internet-based broadcast media stations, including user-generated content and the integration of artificial intelligence?

Literature Review Concept of Online Internet-based Broadcast Media Stations
The concept of online internet-based broadcast media stations refers to the digital platforms that leverage the power of the internet to deliver audio and video content to a global audience.These platforms have revolutionized the way information, entertainment, and other forms of media are distributed and consumed.Online internet-based broadcast media stations encompass a wide range of services, including internet radio, live streaming platforms, video-on-demand services, and social media channels.These platforms have become popular due to their accessibility, convenience, and ability to cater to diverse preferences and interests Online internet-based broadcast media stations, also known as internet radio or internet broadcasting, have gained significant popularity and become an integral part of the digital media landscape.These stations leverage the power of the internet to deliver audio content to a global audience, offering a wide range of programming options and catering to diverse interests and preferences.This concept has transformed the way people consume radio and audio content, providing an alternative to traditional terrestrial radio and expanding the possibilities for content creators and listeners alike.
According to Lys (2016), online internet-based broadcast media stations, commonly known as internet radio, refer to digital platforms that stream audio content over the internet, providing users with access to a wide range of radio stations and personalized playlists [5] .Unlike traditional radio, which relies on terrestrial broadcasting, internet radio platforms utilize streaming technology to deliver audio content to global audiences.Users can listen to live radio stations from various genres or create customized playlists based on their music preferences.The convenience of internet radio lies in its accessibility through internet-connected devices, including computers, smartphones, and smart speakers.
Burgess and Green (2009) noted that online internet-based broadcast media stations in the form of live streaming platforms enable content creators, businesses, and individuals to broadcast real-time video content to audiences worldwide [6] .Live streaming allows for immediate engagement and interaction between broadcasters and viewers, fostering a sense of community and instant feedback.These platforms support a variety of content types, such as gaming, music performances, educational sessions, product launches, and live events.Users can access live streams through internet-connected devices, making it a popular choice for entertainment, information, and social interactions.
According to Gillespie (2018), online internetbased broadcast media stations in the form of videoon-demand (VOD) platforms enable users to access a vast library of video content at their convenience [1] .Unlike traditional television broadcasting with fixed schedules, VOD platforms allow users to choose what they want to watch and when.These platforms offer a diverse range of content, including movies, TV shows, documentaries, and original productions.Viewers can stream or download videos on-demand using internetconnected devices, providing flexibility and control over their media consumption.
One of the key advantages of online internetbased broadcast media stations is their accessibility.Unlike traditional radio stations, which are limited by geographical boundaries and signal strength, internet radio can be accessed from anywhere in the world with an internet connection.This global reach has enabled broadcasters to target specific niche audiences and build communities around specialized content.
Another significant advantage is the flexibility and variety of programming offered by online internetbased broadcast media stations.These platforms allow broadcasters to create and curate content in a more personalized and targeted manner, catering to specific demographics or interests [8] .Whether it's music, news, talk shows, podcasts, or even live events, internet radio stations provide a diverse range of options to suit different tastes and preferences.
Furthermore, online internet-based broadcast media stations often offer interactive features that enhance the listening experience.Listeners can engage with the content through live chats, comments, and social media integration, fostering a sense of community and enabling real-time feedback and interaction with hosts and fellow listeners.
From a content creator's perspective, internet radio stations provide a level playing field, allowing individuals and independent broadcasters to reach a global audience without the need for costly infrastructure or licensing.This has democratized the broadcasting industry, giving rise to a plethora of independent stations and podcasters who can produce and distribute their content.

Diverse Platforms of Online Internet-Based Broadcast Media Stations
The advent of the internet has revolutionized the way we consume media.Online internet-based broadcast media stations have emerged as powerful platforms, offering a vast array of content to global audiences.These platforms have transformed the traditional broadcasting landscape, providing new opportunities for content creators, broadcasters, and viewers alike.The following are some of the platforms of online internet-based broadcast media stations as enumerated by Nwosu (2021) [9]

Implications of Online Internet-Based Broadcast Media Stations on Traditional Broadcasting
The emergence and widespread adoption of online internet-based broadcast media stations have had significant implications for traditional broadcasting.As digital platforms continue to gain popularity, the landscape of traditional broadcasting has been reshaped, leading to both challenges and opportunities.
Nwosu (2021) noted that the rise of online internet-based broadcast media stations has caused a shift in audience behavior.[9] Viewers now have more control over what, when, and how they consume media.They can access a vast array of content on-demand, bypassing traditional broadcast schedules.This has resulted in a decline in linear television viewership and a rise in streaming services.Traditional broadcasters have had to adapt to changing audience preferences by offering online streaming options and developing their own digital platforms.
The availability of numerous online internet-based broadcast media stations has led to the fragmentation of the audience.Instead of relying on a few major broadcast networks, viewers now have access to a wide range of platforms catering to specific interests and niches.This has challenged the traditional broadcasting model, which relied on capturing a mass audience [4] .As a result, broadcasters have had to find new ways to engage and retain viewers, including producing original content, fostering community engagement, and leveraging social media platforms.
Online internet-based broadcast media stations have facilitated a paradigm shift in content creation and distribution.Traditional broadcasters often followed a hierarchical production model, where content decisions were made by a few key stakeholders.In contrast, digital platforms have democratized content creation, allowing anyone to become a content creator and distribute their work globally.This has led to a surge in user-generated content, independent productions, and niche programming.Traditional broadcasters have had to adapt by incorporating digital strategies, collaborating with online platforms, and embracing new production models [4] .
The transition to online internet-based broadcast media stations has presented challenges in monetization and revenue generation.Traditional broadcasters traditionally relied on advertising and subscription models to sustain their operations.However, digital platforms offer alternative revenue streams, such as subscription-based services, targeted advertising, and branded content partnerships.This has disrupted the traditional broadcasting revenue model, requiring broadcasters to diversify their monetization strategies and explore new forms of content sponsorship and partnerships.
The rise of online internet-based broadcast media stations has been enabled by technological advancements and the availability of robust internet infrastructure.Broadband internet access has become more accessible and affordable, allowing viewers to stream high-quality content seamlessly.Traditional broadcasters have had to invest in upgrading their infrastructure and adopting new technologies to remain competitive in the digital landscape.
The implications of online internet-based broadcast media stations on traditional broadcasting have been profound.The shift in audience behavior, fragmentation of the audience, changes in content creation and distribution, monetization challenges, and technological advancements have all reshaped the industry.Traditional broadcasters have had to adapt to the digital era, embracing online platforms, developing their digital strategies, and exploring new revenue models.The coexistence of traditional broadcasting and online internet-based broadcast media stations provides both challenges and opportunities, setting the stage for a dynamic and evolving media landscape.

Emerged Paradigms of Online Internet-Based Broadcast Media Stations
The emergence of online internet-based broadcast media stations has introduced novel paradigms that have revolutionized the media landscape.These platforms leverage the power of the internet to deliver audio and video content to a global audience, fostering interactivity, personalization, and user-generated content.
Online internet-based broadcast media stations have given rise to user-generated content, where individuals actively create, share, and engage with media content.User-generated content allows ordinary people to become content creators, contributing to the media discourse in unprecedented ways (Burgess &  Green, 2009).The participatory culture surrounding UGC fosters collaboration and community engagement, blurring the lines between producers and consumers of content.Social media platforms have played a pivotal role in enabling participatory culture, empowering users to share their experiences, opinions, and creativity with a global audience.
Napoli (2018) noted that online internetbased broadcast media stations have harnessed the power of algorithms to deliver personalized content recommendations to users [10] .These algorithms analyze user preferences, viewing history, and behavior to curate tailored content, ensuring that each user receives a unique and engaging media experience.Personalization enhances user satisfaction, prolongs engagement, and increases the likelihood of content discovery.As a result, online platforms have transformed media consumption habits, moving away from one-size-fits-all content distribution.
Online internet-based broadcast media stations have seamlessly integrated with social media platforms, facilitating real-time interaction and instant sharing of content.Users can engage with live streams, webinars, and events through comments, likes, and shares, fostering a sense of community and creating a viral effect for engaging content.Social media integration has amplified the reach of online media, enabling content to be shared and discovered organically across various networks [11] .
The emergence of online internet-based broadcast media stations has also seen the integration of artificial intelligence and machine learning.AI algorithms analyze user behavior, content preferences, and engagement patterns to optimize content discovery and user experience.Additionally, AI-powered content moderation tools are used to identify and remove harmful or inappropriate content, ensuring platform safety and compliance.AI-driven insights also aid content creators and broadcasters in understanding audience preferences and optimizing content for better engagement [7] .
The emerged paradigms of online internetbased broadcast media stations have fundamentally transformed the media landscape.User-generated content and participatory culture have democratized content creation and distribution, allowing individuals to actively shape the media narrative.Personalization and algorithm-driven content curation cater to individual preferences, enhancing the user experience and boosting engagement.Social media integration and real-time interaction foster community engagement and expand content reach.Lastly, the integration of artificial intelligence empowers platforms and content creators with valuable insights and content moderation capabilities.

Theoretical Framework
This study is anchored on the Uses and Gratification Theory.The theory, introduced by Elihu Katz, Jay G. Blumler, and Michael Gurevitch in the 1970s, posits that media audiences are not passive recipients but active participants who select specific media outlets to satisfy their needs and gratify various desires.According to this theory, individuals actively seek out media content that fulfills one or more of the following gratifications: information, entertainment, personal identity, social interaction, and escape from reality.
In the context of online internet-based broadcast media stations, the Uses and Gratification Theory gains significant relevance.These platforms offer an extensive array of content and interactive features, allowing users to tailor their media consumption to specific preferences and needs.Users can access news from various perspectives, connect with like-minded individuals through social media, indulge in personalized entertainment choices, and even engage in educational content through streaming services.
When users interact with online media stations, their motivations can vary significantly.Some may seek up-to-date information on current events and trending topics, while others might desire entertainment and relaxation.Social media platforms offer opportunities for individuals to build and maintain relationships, share opinions, and engage in discussions, thereby fulfilling their social interaction needs.
Additionally, online media stations facilitate personal identity gratifications, allowing users to express themselves, explore their interests, and engage with content that aligns with their beliefs and values.Furthermore, these platforms offer an escape from reality by providing immersive experiences, such as virtual reality or engaging storytelling, which allow users to temporarily detach from everyday life.The choices users make while engaging with online internet-based broadcast media stations have several implications.One significant consequence is the creation of echo chambers, where users are exposed to information that reinforces their existing beliefs and opinions, potentially leading to polarization and a decline in critical thinking.
Moreover, the personalized nature of content delivery can lead to the formation of filter bubbles, limiting users' exposure to diverse perspectives and hindering the development of a well-rounded understanding of complex issues.These implications raise concerns about the potential impact on society, democracy, and the quality of public discourse.
The evolution of online internet-based broadcast media stations has given rise to several paradigms in the digital media landscape.One such paradigm is the shift from traditional broadcasting to user-generated content, where individuals can create and share content on various platforms.This democratization of content creation has empowered users to be both consumers and producers of media.
The relationship between the Uses and Gratification Theory and interrogating online internetbased broadcast media stations is significant and multifaceted.By understanding the motivations behind users' media consumption choices, the implications of their preferences, and the paradigms that have emerged, we can gain valuable insights into the dynamics of the digital media landscape.To ensure a healthy media environment, it is essential to consider the impact of personalized content delivery and strive for a more balanced, diverse, and informed media consumption experience.

Methodology
This study adopted the survey method.A survey is a research method used to collect data and information from a sample of individuals or a population to gather insights, opinions, attitudes, preferences, or factual details about specific topics or issues.Surveys typically involve the use of structured questionnaires or interviews to systematically gather data from respondents.The population of this study comprises of residents of Auchi, which is 232,000 (NBS, 2021).A sample size of 382 respondents was selected based on Krejcie and Morgan (1970) table.s

Findings
The data in Table 1 showed that majority of the respondents (31%) noted that social media platforms is one of the most widely used platforms for online internet-based broadcast media stations.This was followed by 26% who choose streaming platforms and another 26% who choose video sharing platforms.14% of the respondents choose live streaming platforms and 3% choose podcasting platforms.
The data in Table 2 showed that a majority of the respondents (31%) noted that one of the implications of online internet-based broadcast media stations on traditional media industries and the evolving media ecosystem is fragmentation of audience.This was followed by 26% of the respondents who choose monetization and revenue challenge.23% of the respondents choose shift in audience behavior while 14% choose shift in content distribution and 6% choose technological advancements.
The data in Table 3 shows that a majority of the respondents (33%) noted that one of the emerged paradigms of online internet-based broadcast media stations is the influence of artificial intelligence.This was followed by 27% of the respondents who choose social media integration while 22% of the respondents choose User generated content and participatory culture and 18% of the respondents choose personalization content curation.

Discussions
The concept of online internet-based broadcast media stations refers to the digital platforms that leverage the power of the internet to deliver audio and video content to a global audience.These platforms have revolutionized the way information, entertainment, and other forms of media are distributed and consumed.Online internet-based broadcast media stations encompass a wide range of services, including internet radio, live streaming platforms, video-on-demand services, and social media channels.These platforms have become popular due to their accessibility, convenience, and ability to cater to diverse preferences and interests.
Internet radio platforms provide users with the ability to access a vast library of audio content through the internet.Listeners can tune in to various radio stations or create personalized playlists based on their music preferences.Platforms like Pandora, Spotify, and iHeartRadio have become prominent players in the internet radio space, offering a wide range of music genres and customizable listening experiences.
Live streaming services have transformed how people engage with content in real-time.These platforms enable content creators, individuals, and businesses to broadcast live video content to their audiences.Twitch, a platform primarily known for gaming live streams, and YouTube Live are popular examples of live streaming platforms that cater to various interests beyond gaming, including music, sports, and educational content.
Video-on-demand (VOD) services allow users to watch video content at their convenience.These platforms offer a vast catalog of movies, TV shows, and original productions, enabling users to choose what they want to watch and when.Netflix, Hulu, Amazon Prime Video, and Disney+ are well-known examples of VOD platforms that have disrupted traditional television viewing.
Social media platforms have also integrated online internet-based broadcast capabilities, allowing users and organizations to share live videos and engage with their audiences in real-time.Facebook Live, Instagram Live, Twitter's Periscope, and YouTube Live are some examples of how social media channels have embraced live broadcasting, enabling instant interaction and fostering a sense of community.
Certain social media platforms have integrated online internet-based broadcast capabilities, allowing users and organizations to share live videos with their audiences in real-time.Online internet-based broadcast media stations in the form of social media channels offer a unique opportunity for instant interaction and engagement with followers and viewers.Content creators can use these platforms to host live Q&A (Question and Answer) sessions, showcase behind-thescenes footage, cover live events, and deliver breaking news.Users can watch and participate in these live broadcasts through their social media accounts, facilitating real-time communication and fostering user-generated content.
The rise of online internet-based broadcast media stations has caused a shift in audience behavior.Viewers now have more control over what, when, and how they consume media.They can access a vast array of content on-demand, bypassing traditional broadcast schedules.This has resulted in a decline in linear television viewership and a rise in streaming services.Traditional broadcasters have had to adapt to changing audience preferences by offering online streaming options and developing their own digital platforms.

Conclusion
The interrogation of online internet-based broadcast media stations has shed light on various aspects, including the platforms utilized, the implications arising from their operations, and the paradigms that have emerged as a result.Through this analysis, we have come to recognize the transformative power of these platforms and their significant influence on society.
Firstly, the platforms themselves have witnessed a rapid evolution, driven by technological advancements and changing user preferences.The rise of social media platforms, video-sharing websites, and live streaming services has created a diverse landscape for internetbased broadcast media.These platforms have provided users with unprecedented access to information, entertainment, and diverse perspectives from around the globe.
However, with this increased accessibility, certain implications have surfaced.The dissemination of news and information through online media has altered traditional journalism practices and raised concerns about misinformation and disinformation.
As information travels quickly and reaches vast audiences, the need for responsible journalism and fact-checking has become paramount.
Moreover, the emergence of online internetbased broadcast media has led to shifts in advertising, media consumption habits, and the business models of traditional media outlets.The competition for viewership and engagement has intensified, prompting media organizations to adapt and diversify their strategies to remain relevant and financially sustainable.
Furthermore, the paradigms that have emerged from the dominance of online media platforms have had profound effects on our society.The democratization of information has empowered individuals to participate in public discourse and activism, leading to social and political movements with global impacts.Simultaneously, the echo chamber effect has become a concern, as users may be trapped in self-reinforcing bubbles of information that reinforce their existing beliefs.
Additionally, the rise of internet-based broadcast media has given rise to new forms of content creation and distribution, including user-generated content, influencers, and live-streaming celebrities.This has challenged traditional notions of celebrity and media authority, creating opportunities for ordinary individuals to gain widespread recognition and influence.
In conclusion, the interrogation of online internetbased broadcast media stations has highlighted both the promise and challenges of this digital revolution.As these platforms continue to shape our information landscape, it is crucial for users, media organizations, and policymakers to address the implications and embrace responsible practices.By doing so, we can harness the potential of internet-based broadcast media to foster informed, engaged, and interconnected societies in the digital age.

Recommendations
Based on the findings of this study, the following recommendations were made: To address concerns regarding misinformation and disinformation, it is crucial to promote platform transparency and accountability.Online media platforms should disclose their content curation algorithms and provide clear guidelines for content moderation.This transparency will enable users and external researchers to understand how information is disseminated and identify potential biases or manipulation.Additionally, platforms should establish independent oversight bodies to review and assess content moderation decisions, ensuring that the process remains fair and unbiased.By prioritizing transparency and accountability, we can mitigate the spread of harmful content and foster an environment that promotes reliable information and diverse perspectives.
Given the powerful influence of online media, investing in media literacy and digital citizenship education is essential.Educational institutions and media organizations should collaborate to develop comprehensive programs that equip individuals with critical thinking skills to assess information critically.Media literacy should encompass topics such as factchecking, identifying fake news, understanding bias, and recognizing the impact of social media algorithms on content consumption.Additionally, promoting responsible digital citizenship will encourage users to engage responsibly, respect others' opinions, and contribute positively to online discussions.By empowering individuals with media literacy and digital citizenship skills, we can foster a more informed and discerning online community.
To counter the echo chamber effect and enhance diversity in content, efforts should be made to encourage diverse content production and promotion.Media platforms should prioritize content recommendations that expose users to a wide range of viewpoints, even those that challenge their existing beliefs.This can be achieved through algorithmic adjustments that avoid reinforcing echo chambers and instead promote content that fosters open-mindedness and understanding.Additionally, media organizations should actively support content creators from various backgrounds and perspectives, ensuring that a diverse range of voices are represented in online media.By encouraging diversity in content production and promotion, we can create a more inclusive and enriched media landscape.